zamak 5

pressofusione di zinco

Linee guida per la progettazione di parti di precisione in pressofusione di zinco

zamak 5, Pressofusione di zinco
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Zinc die casting is a flexible production method which entails an injection of zinc alloy molten matter into a specially designed mold with high pressure in order to create complex and high-precision parts. Such an approach is especially appropriate for precision parts because zinc has high fluidity, a low melting point, and can be machined to tight tolerances without much post-processing. Zamak die casting is used in industries such as automotive, electronics, consumer goods, and medical devices for parts, including connectors, gears, housings, and complex mechanisms that require dimensional tolerances and longevity. Most zinc alloys are processed using hot-chamber machines, which enable quick cycle times and a steady quality. Accurate parts benefit from zinc’s ability to produce thin walls, complex geometries, and net-shape parts, reducing material waste and assembly time. Nevertheless, high success rates are achieved when specific design rules are followed, and material properties, shape, form, and processing parameters are considered. These rules help reduce defects, improve manufacturability, and enhance precision. This article identifies major guidelines supported by industry standards set by organizations to help engineers design zinc die-cast precision parts. Advantages of Zinc Die Casting of Precision Parts The use of zinc die casting offers several benefits, making it one of the best materials for precision applications. Selection Material: Zinc Alloys Selecting the correct zinc alloy is important for precision parts because it affects mechanical properties, castability, and tolerances. The Zamak die-casting series (2, 3, 5, 7) and the ZA series (8, 12, 27) have specific compositions and performance properties. The table below will summarize the kinds of zinc alloy used in the manufacture of precision parts: Types of Zinc Alloy Tensile strength (ksi/MPa) Elongation % Hardness (BHN)   Density g/cm³   Yield strength (MPa) Melting point °C Zamak 2 52/359 7 100 6.6 283 379-390 Zamak 3 41/283 10 82 6.6 269 381-387 Zamak 5 48/328 7 91 6.6 283-269 380-386 Zamak 7 41/283 13 80 6.6 310-331 381-387 ZA 8 54/372 6-10 100-106 6.3 359-379 375-404 ZA-12 59/400 4-7 95-105 6.03 145 377-432 ZA-27 62/426 2.0-3.5 116-122 5.3 N/A 372-484 These properties can be used to ensure that zinc alloys meet precision specifications and that complex parts have high fluidity scores (1-2 on a 1-4 scale; 1 best). To be more exact, manufacturers would want to choose alloys such as Zamak 3 or ZA-8 due to their stability and ability to withstand tight tolerances. Key Design Guidelines Good zinc die casting is designed to facilitate flow and ejection while maintaining strength at minimal cost. Wall Thickness The wall thickness should be uniform to avoid porosity and distortion. For precision parts, keep it within +/-10% and use a minimum thickness of 0.040 inches (1 mm) for a good surface finish, and as fine as 0.020 inches (0.5 mm) in miniature models. Ratios of thick to thin sections should be kept to less than 3:1 to minimize the chance of porosity; preferably the inscribed sphere diameter ratios should not exceed 6:1. Thickening walls enhances flow but raises the cycle time and consumption. To distances away from the ingate, minimum thickness changes: below 0.5 mm in areas less than 50 mm, up to 2 mm at 200 mm. Different simulations can be used to check designs. In zinc casting, specify a minimum of 0.025 inches (0.635 mm) in selected locations, but 0.040 inches (1.016 mm) in best-as-cast locations. Draft Angles Draft angles help eject parts and prevent damage to the die. For zinc, the minimum drafts are 0.5 ° -1 on outside surfaces, 1- -1 on internal surfaces, and 0.1 ° -1 on round holes. Short features that use moving parts (die elements) can be printed in zero, but it is more expensive. For ribs, a 5-10 taper is used when it is not parallel to the shrinkage. Different standards give draft calculations: standard tolerances are 50 (draft angle approximately 1.9 degrees at a 1-inch depth) for inside walls and 100 for outside walls. There are also precision tolerances that permit 60 and 120 constant drafts. Fillets and Radii Fillets and radii should always be added since sharp edges lead to stress concentrations and die erosion. Minimum radius of inside fillet is 0.016 inches (0.4 mm), and outside 0.031 inches (0.8 mm). Radii of larger size (up to 0.063 inches or 1.6 mm) enhance flow and strength. Minimum radii should be used (0.060 inches (1.5 mm) for bosses and ribs). Radius at high stress should not be less than 1 mm; standards suggest ±0.08/±0.04 inches (±2/±1 mm) in fillets. This improves the part’s life and reduces cracking. Ribs and Bosses Ribs enhance reinforcement without adding bulk. Create shallow, rounded ribs (height-to-thickness ratio no more than 3:1) and evenly space them so they are not distorted. Adhesion ribs to walls with fillets to avoid porosity in the intersection. The height of bosses used to mount or thread must be equal to their diameter, and when the diameter is large, they must have ribs. Keep 0.25 inches (6.5 mm) distance between bosses. Tolerances of critical heights can be contained in ribs, such as in the precision designs of ±0.001 inches (±0.025 mm) ribs. Cored Holes and Threads Holes made in the core make it lighter and allow elements such as threads. Maximum depths are around 3 mm diameter, 9 mm blind or 24 mm through; up to 12 mm diameter with larger openings. At least 0.25 inches (6 mm) in diameter, L/D ratio not more than 4:1 in small holes. Parting Line Considerations It is best to place the parting line in the largest section possible to produce the least amount of flash and to allow easy trimming. Vertical or complicated lines should be avoided; die motion plane right angles are best. Tolerances on parting lines are the sum of linear ones, by projected area. Projected area Tolerance (+in) Upto 10 +0.0045 11-20 +0.005 21-50 +0.006 51-100 +0.009 Tolerances of Precision Parts Zinc die casting has even higher precision tolerances than standard, and sometimes 65% of those special controls are

Che cos'è la zama? Che cos'è e perché è ampiamente utilizzata nella produzione

Che cos'è la zama? Che cos'è e perché è ampiamente utilizzata nella produzione

zamak 5, zamak 2 pressofusione, zamak 3, zamak 3 pressofusione, Colata di zinco Zamak 3
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Alloys contribute significantly to the development of delicate electronic parts as well as heavy parts used in vehicles. For example, zamak metal has quietly changed the way many industries operate.  This metal is renowned because it is strong, can be molded easily and is versatile. The word Zamak originates from German and stands for zinc, aluminum, magnesium and copper. During the early years of the 20th century, the production of brass alloys aimed to improve on the brittleness found in previous zinc-based products. Today, zamak is used widely in vehicle, electronic device, and hardware manufacturing. It is appreciated both for its sturdy structure and for finishing smoothly with only a little work. Producing aluminum requires less energy than other materials since it melts easily, and it is also attractive because it can be recycled. Each different grade of zamak fits various needs, such as zamak 3 being softer than zamak 5, which is stronger than zamak 12. Most household goods and industrial products made with zamak metal meet the rising needs of manufacturing because they are practical and of good quality. Here, we will explain what zamak metal is made from, types such as zamak 3, zamak 5, and zamak 12, its functions, plus the positives and negatives. Zamak is a type of zinc alloy Zamak is made from zinc, mixed with a small amount of aluminum, magnesium, and copper. The word Zamak stands for Zink, Aluminum, Magnesium, and Kupfer, which are the German names for the metals involved. Due to its high-quality casting and appearance, zamak metal is popular in manufacturing automotive, electronic, furniture, and consumer goods. The process called die casting allows Zamak metal to shape complex, strong, and cost-efficient parts. Bending zamak into steel forms shaped like the finished goods is done at high pressure, producing many complex shapes very rapidly while needing only a minimal amount of machining. Because its melting temperature (around 385°C) is lower, zinc is more efficiently shaped than metals such as steel or aluminum in a foundry. What is Zamak, and how is it made? Zamak is a name formed from the German words for the main metals: Zink (zinc), Aluminium (aluminum), Magnesium, and Kupfer (copper). In the 1920s, the New Jersey Zinc Company created zamak to help overcome brittleness that affected some zinc alloys. It is viewed as a high-quality type of zinc that gives better die casting than most other materials. The usual elements in zamak metal are 96% zinc, 4% aluminum, a little bit of magnesium and some copper. As a result of this mix, its metal product is very strong, lasts a long time and can be formed into exact shapes with high precision. Key points about Zamak Metal A highlight of zamak metal is that it is very easy to cast. Manufacturers can create shapes with thin walls out of aluminum that would usually be pricey or difficult to produce using other materials. In addition, zamak has a polished surface, which makes it suitable for use in parts that need painting or plating. One more advantage is that steel retains its shape. Because Zamak does not change shape easily, it is commonly used in car and electronics manufacturing. The material is strong relative to its weight, making it attractive. Unlike aluminum, zamak does not weigh very little, but it offers a good level of durability that makes it useful for items that must be manageable. Uses of Zamak Metal Because it has great mechanical characteristics, zamak metal is applied in many products. In this industry, stainless steel is found in door handles, mirrors and several interior parts. A variety of electronic parts use Zamak because it is both precise and can resist heat. The furniture sector uses zamak because it is so versatile, fitting into hinges, brackets, and other decorations. Many fancy pieces in fashion include zamak since it is shiny and does not get tarnished easily. The process of making Zamak metal by casting 1. Alloy Preparation To produce zamak metal, you need to combine zinc, aluminum, magnesium and copper in the right ratios. To extract metals from these ones, the raw materials are melted at moderate temperatures. The right ratios are necessary to ensure that zamak 3, zamak 5 and zamak 12 provide the desired qualities. 2. Melting The blend of materials is put into a furnace and brought up to the zamak melting point of 385°C (725°F). During this step, the alloy flows very well and is therefore excellent for high-pressure die casting. 3. Die Casting The zamak is melted and then put into a die casting machine to be injected into a metal mold. Thanks to this process, items are shaped into very detailed and sturdy forms. Depending on how the casting will be used, manufacturers select from products classified as zamak 3, zamak 5, or zamak 12, since each is meant for a different purpose. 4. Injection and Outflow As soon as the zamak is injected, cooling the mold causes the metal to harden fast. After removing the part from the mold, it may not need machining because the alloy has a clean finish. 5. Finished and Plated When the model is cast, it might be polished, painted, or electroplated in materials such as nickel or chrome. The processes improve the look and resilience to corrosion of the manufactured product, mostly when used outside. Applications of Zamak Metal Zamak metal is used in several industries because of its superior casting, its strong properties and attractive smoothness. Even in the automotive industry, zamak metal plays a key role by being useful and attractive. 1. Automotive Industry Many door handles, emblems, mirror housings and interior details in motor vehicles are manufactured using zamak metal. Because it can be designed intricately and held to small measurements, it’s useful in parts that are either noticeable or not. The reason Zamak 5 is used most often here is that it is more durable and wears less easily. 2. Consumer Electronics Its stable dimensions and smooth appearance

parti in pressofusione

Differenze tra la lega Zamak 3 e Zamak 5

zamak 3, zamak 5
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Zamak alloys used commonly in die casting have attractive characteristics which include versatility, strength, and durability. Of all the Zinc die-casting alloys, Zamak3 and Zamak5 are the most prevalent due to their special characteristics and the versatility of the application areas. To avoid compromising its functions, it is important for manufacturers and engineers who make choices to learn and distinguish the various qualities of those alloys. This guide discusses all the differences and similarities between Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 as well as their use in multiple settings and their capabilities. What is Zamak? Zamak, a term that is an acronym for Zinc, Aluminum, Magnesium, and Kupfer, (original German for copper), denotes a group of zinc-based alloys widely used for die casting. Some of the properties that make these alloys desirable is; polished appearance, precise dimension, and high corrosion resistance. The Zamak type of alloy varies depending on the proportion of aluminum, magnesium, and copper it contains. The two common forms are Zamak 3 and Zamak 5, which have Different settings of parameters for different industries. Chemical Composition of Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 This is because the performance of Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 depends on the chemical composition. These two alloys contain major proportions of zinc but they differ in secondary elements which result in different properties. Element Zamak 3 Composition (%) Zamak 5 Composition (%)   Zinc (Zn) ~96 ~95.5 Aluminum (Al) ~3.9 ~3.9 Magnesium (Mg) ~0.04 ~0.04 Copper (Cu) 0 ~0.75 Key Differences Zamak 3 lacks copper, giving it slightly better corrosion resistance in specific environments. Zamak 5 contains about 0.75% copper, enhancing its strength and hardness. Mechanical Properties Comparison It is for this reason that Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 have some variations of the mechanical properties, which are a result of the differences in their formulation. This affects their usage as well as working efficiency under different circumstances. Table: Mechanical Properties of Zamak 3 vs. Zamak 5 Property Zamak 3 Zamak 5   Density (g/cm³) 6.6 6.7 Yield Strength (Mpa) 220 250 Elongation (%) 10 7 Hardness (Brinell) 82 90 Impact Strength (J) Higher than Zamak 5 Lower than Zamak 3 Analysis Strength: Zamak 5 has higher tensile and yield strength, making it more robust for demanding applications. Ductility: Zamak 3 exhibits better elongation and impact resistance, suitable for parts requiring flexibility. Hardness: Zamak 5’s higher hardness ensures better wear resistance. Applications of Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 die casting products Namely, the properties of Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 make them suitable for particular uses. Zamak 3 casting Applications Consumer Goods: Commonly seen on die-cast end products such as car door handles, zippers, and other small ornamental parts. Electronics: Zamak 3 die casting parts can also maintain a more stable dimension than other die-cast alloys, especially for housing or enclosure applications. Toys: Otherwise known for its good surface finish and easy-to-machine material, many die cast toys made with zamak 3 die casting process Zamak 5 die casting Applications Automotive Industry: Owing to high strength, Zamak 5 alloy die casting parts are used in the structural and functional parts of a variety of apparatus. Hardware: Writing instrument parts – zinc die casting hinges, brackets, locks, benefit from its increased hardness. Industrial Equipment: Zamak 5 die casting parts are the choice for all the zinc alloy parts experiencing high stresses. Table: Applications by Industry Industry Zamak 3 die casting   Zamak 5 die casting Consumer Goods Small decorative items Heavy-duty functional parts Automotive Low-stress interior parts High-stress structural parts Electronics Precision housings Heat-resistant components Advantages and Limitations Advantages of Zamak 3 die casting products Cost-Effective: Lower material cost compared to Zamak 5 alloys. Corrosion Resistance: Excellent in environments where copper would accelerate corrosion. Ease of Casting: Offers better fluidity during zinc die casting manufacturing process. Advantages of Zamak 5 die casting products Strength and Hardness: Higher mechanical strength and wear resistance. Durability: Better suited for high-stress applications. Surface Treatment: Enhanced suitability for plating and finishing. Limitations Zamak 3:      Maintenance of limited power when required to operate under high stress conditions. Zamak 5: This is another reason for a slightly lower corrosion resistance at higher concentrations of                                        copper present in the alloy. Die Casting Zamak 3 vs. Die Casting Zamak 5                Die casting is a process of forcing a metal at high pressure into a mold cavity. Both die-casting Zamak 3 and die-casting Zamak 5 excel in producing intricate shapes with tight tolerances, but there are notable differences: Parameter Die Casting Zamak 3 Die Casting Zamak 5 Fluidity Superior Slightly lower Shrinkage Minimal Slightly higher Casting Temperature Lower (~380°C) Slightly higher (~385°C) Machinability Excellent Good Die Casting Process Overview  Key Considerations: Ease of Use: Zamak 3 die casting also has drawing advantages over the other because of its comparatively lower casting temperature and better fluidity. Stress Tolerance: Therefore, Zamak 5 die casting can be used in an application with robust parts and components. Choosing the Right Alloy Factors to Consider Application Requirements: For applications that need high dimensional stability, corrosion resistance, and low-stress bearing: the Zamak 3 alloy material should be used. When selecting for strength and hardness choose Zamak 5 alloy for parts that require high levels of durability, and lower stress tolerance. Cost: It is observed that Zamak 3 alloy is slightly cheaper than Zamak 5 alloy. Environment: Zamak 3 may do better in corrosive circumstances because of a lack of copper in the alloy. Decision Table: Zamak 3 vs. Zamak 5 Requirement Recommended Alloy   High strength Zamak 5 alloy Cost efficiency Zamak 3 alloy Corrosion resistance Zamak 3 alloy Wear resistance Zamak 5 alloy Practical Use Cases for Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 Thus, we will investigate how adopted scenarios of Zamak 3 and Zamak 5 work in practice. This will also make clear to them the benefits and the nature of their applicability to certain functions. Zamak 3 in Practice  Electronics Industry: Zamak 3 die casting is used predominantly for applications in

Pressofusione di zinco

L'importanza della pressofusione di zinco nell'industria automobilistica

alluminio pressofuso, aziende di pressofusione, azienda di pressofusione, Produttore di pressofusioni, parti in pressofusione, zamak 3 pressofusione, Colata di zinco Zamak 3, zamak 5, zamak 5 pressofusione, zamak pressofusione, pressofusione in lega di zinco, Pressofusione di zinco
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What is Die Casting? Die casting is a metal casting process which is characterized by pressing molten metal into the mold cavity. The mold cavity is made using two hardened tool steel molds that are worked on during processing and work similarly to injection molds. Most die-casting is made from non-ferrous metals, especially zinc, copper, aluminum, magnesium, tin, lead, and tin-based alloys. Depending on the type of metal being thrown, a thermal or cold engine is used. The zinc die casting process is very popular for making parts in building and industrial fields, but the most common application is in the automotive industry. In fact, cars have different parts that can be made through die casting, in such a way that the modern process of die casting was originally started for the automotive industry. With the casting process often no further machining is needed after casting: not only is the accuracy up to 99.8%, but the casted products can also be used raw because they have a pleasant finish. The use of zinc die casting is almost 28% in the automotive industry, followed by the building and hardware sector. Zinc has become one of the most important metals in the auto parts industry, especially for products such as door lock housing, pawl, gears and retractor pulleys in seat belt systems, but also for camshaft and sensor components. By using this metal and its alloys, it is possible to achieve strength, ductility, and flexibility that would not be possible with other materials. In addition, zinc can be the right choice to get high-quality aesthetic components, with tight tolerances that are not possible with other materials, and to get embossing and grooves for mechanical components or gears. Zinc Die Casting Mechanisms in Automotive As said before, the automotive industry is the most common die casting application: using zinc and its alloys makes it possible to produce components that are able to achieve high aesthetic quality, with tight and narrow tolerance for shape morphology. Zinc alloys are also used for coatings because of its many benefits, such as improving the anti-corrosion properties of zinc which are already impressive. Below you can find a number of possible examples of zinc plating: Interior aesthetic section Sunroofs Section Mechanical parts Engine and other underhood components Power steering system Parts and brake system Air conditioning components and systems Chassis hardware Parts in the seat belt system Components of climate control Fuel system Advantages for Zinc Die Casting: An efficient & economical process offering various forms & forms possible. High-Speed ​​Production Dimension Accuracy & Stability Strength & weight Several finishing techniques are available Simple Assembly The Die Casting process began with the use of lead and lead alloys, magnesium and copper alloys which were quickly followed, and in the 1930s, many modern alloys still in use today are available. This process evolved from casting low-pressure injection to modern high-pressure injection of 4,500 pounds per square inch. The modern process is capable of producing high integrity, clean casting forms with excellent surface finishes. Zinc casting alloy is a strong, durable and cost-effective engineering material. Their mechanical properties are competitive and are usually higher than cast aluminum, magnesium, bronze, plastic and most cast iron.

Colata di zinco Zamak 3

Zamak 3 Pressofusione

colata di alluminio, zamak 3, zamak 3 pressofusione, Colata di zinco Zamak 3, zamak 5, zamak pressofusione, pressofusione in lega di zinco, Pressofusione di zinco
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We offer ZAMAK 3 die casting for manufacturing ZAMAK 3 products. Our ZAMAK 3 products, productions capabilities, and warehousing facilities will give you quality parts at competitive prices. ZAMAK 3 is the most popular of the ZAMAK series of alloys for zinc die casting due to its castability and dimensional stability. ZAMAK 3 Properties: Ultimate Tensile Strength: psi x 103 (MPa) 41 (283) Yield Strength – 0.2% Offset: psi x 103 (MPa) 32 (221) Elongation: % in 2″ 10 Shear Strength: psi x 103 (MPa) 31 (214) Hardness: Brinell 82 Impact Strength: ft-lb (J) 432 (58) Fatigue Strength Rotary Bend – 5×108 cycles: psi x 103 (MPa) 6.9 (48) Compressive Yield Strength 0.1% Offset: psi x 103 (MPa) 604 (414) Modulus of Elasticity – psi x 106 (MPa x 103) 12.46 (85.5) Poisson¡¯s Ratio 0.27 Density: lb/cu in (g/cm3) .24 (6.6) Melting Range: ¡ãF (¡ãC) 718-728 (381-387) Electrical Conductivity: %IACS 27 Thermal Conductivity: BTU/ft/hr/¡ãF (W/m/hr/¡ãC) 65.3 (113.0 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: 68-212¡ãF µin/in/¡ãF (100-200¡ãC µm/mm/¡ãC) 15.2 (27.4) Specific Heat: BTU/lb/¡ãF (J/kg/¡ãC) .10 (419) Pattern of Die Shrinkage: in/in .007 Zinc Die Castings Applications Sporting Goods – Cost-saving approaches to machined components; – Coatings to match mating zinc parts; – Strength for tough applications; Medical – Innovative capabilities; – Precision designs as cast; – For use in many difficult applications; Switch – Multiple cavities for cost savings; – Multislide; Fasteners – Many sizes of panel nuts already tooled; – High speed tapping capabilities; Connector – Four slide technology to eliminate costly secondary; – Barrel plating for electroless nickel offers cost-effective protection and aesthetics; – Excellent conductive alloys; Fiber Optics – Capable of casting complex designs; – Close tolerance, as cast, components; – Equipment and experience to provide small components; Appliances – Thin wall castings with the strength to hold up in applications; – Surface finishes provide wear resistance ; – Alloys designed for application specifics ; Automotive – Capability to incorporate multiple components into a single zinc casting ; – Corrosion-resistant castings and platings ; – Secondary tapping capabilities ; – Zinc is an excellent dampening material ; The Detail of Zamak 3 zinc casting  Model No: Zamak 3 zinc casting ProductName: Zamak 3 or 5 die casting Product Origin: China Brand Name: CNM TECH Price Terms: FOB SZ Payment Terms: T/T CIF L/C Supply Ability:  300,000-400,000sets/month Delivery Lead Time: around 30 days If you want to purchase or know more information about Zamak 3 zinc casting,

Parti in pressofusione di zinco

Pressofusione in lega di zinco Zamak 3 Zamak 5

colata di alluminio, zamak 2 pressofusione, zamak 3, zamak 3 pressofusione, zamak 5, zamak 5 pressofusione, zamak pressofusione, pressofusione in lega di zinco, Pressofusione di zinco
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Zinc Die Casting Description : We use four top-quality zinc alloys for our zinc die casting parts – Zamak 3, Zamak 5, ZA-8 and Zamak 2 — because they offer unique advantages for creating high-precision die castings. Zamak 3: As the most popular zinc alloy, Zamak 3 features exceptional ductility and impact strength. It works very well with multiple plating and finishing options, Zamak 5: Typically used in automotive and small engine applications, Zamak 5 exhibits excellent creep resistance, hardness, and strength. Zamak 3 or 5 die casting parts? For all our zinc die castings we use either Zamak-3 or Zamak-5 Zinc Alloy. Special. The Alloying is done in our fully automatic In-house Zinc Alloying section where we manufacture all kinds of Zinc Alloys for Die Casting. Our daily Zinc Alloying capacity is 16 Metric Tonnes. Every  Alloy Heat is tested by a computerized Spectrometer for metallurgical composition. We would be happy to quote for your requirements of low-cost high volume small precision  Zinc Die Casting components weighing in the range of 0.25 gms to 125 gms. We specialize in a rare combination of both – Accurate Sizes & Decorative Surface Finish ZA-8: Even stronger than Zamak 3 and 5, ZA-zamak8 is the ideal choice for hot chamber casting projects. It also works well with multiple plating and finishing options. Zamak 2: Compared to other Zamak alloys, Zamak 2 offers higher creep performance and long-term strength and hardness. It serves as an excellent bearing material and has been known to eliminate the need for bushings and wear inserts in die-casting components. Zamak 3, Zamak 5, ZA-8, and Zamak 2 is well suited for the die casting process due to their ability to: – Produce very thin walls and near net shapes – Achieve high levels of accuracy – Offer temperature flexibility up to 150° F – Provide reliability with superior bearing properties – Exhibit increased wear resistance Please send us either your samples, drawing and other details and we will send you our quote immediately.

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